Established Monaco as a French protectorate, ending Spanish influence and governing Franco-Monegasque relations for 150 years.
Key Facts
- Date signed
- September 14, 1641
- Signing location
- Péronne, France
- Duration of effect
- Approximately 150 years
- Monegasque signatory
- Honoré II, Prince of Monaco
- French signatory
- Louis XIII, King of France
- Key military outcome
- Removal of Spanish garrison from Monaco
Location
Cause → Event → Consequence
Monaco had long been under Spanish influence, with a Habsburg garrison stationed on its territory. Prince Honoré II sought to free Monaco from Spanish control while securing sovereign guarantees and compensation for any territories he held under Spanish rule, prompting him to seek an alliance with France.
On September 14, 1641, Honoré II and Louis XIII signed the Treaty of Péronne, by which Monaco became a French protectorate. In exchange, France guaranteed Honoré's sovereign rights, included Monaco in French treaties, and agreed to grant him French lands to compensate for any privately held territories lost in Habsburg Spain.
France expelled the Spanish garrison from Monaco following the treaty, ending direct Habsburg military presence there. The agreement regulated diplomatic and political relations between France and Monaco for approximately 150 years, firmly anchoring the small principality within the French sphere of influence.
Political Outcome
Monaco became a French protectorate; Spanish garrison removed; Honoré II's sovereign rights preserved and Franco-Monegasque relations formalized for ~150 years.
Monaco under Spanish (Habsburg) influence with a Spanish garrison stationed on its territory
Monaco established as a French protectorate with sovereign guarantees for the ruling prince