Turkish War of Independence — war fought between the Turkish National Movement and the Entente and their proxies

Following Ottoman defeat in World War I, Allied powers occupied and partitioned Ottoman territory under the Sykes–Picot Agreement and later the Treaty of Sèvres. The Allied-sanctioned Greek occupation of Smyrna in 1919 inflamed sectarian tensions and prompted Ottoman commanders to defy disarmament orders. Mustafa Kemal, dispatched to restore order, instead organized a nationalist resistance government in Ankara that rejected Allied-imposed terms as illegitimate.

The war resulted in the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate and caliphate, the expulsion of Allied forces from Anatolia and eastern Thrace, and the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. The Treaty of Lausanne formalized these gains. A compulsory population exchange between Greece and Turkey followed, and Atatürk's secular nationalist reforms transformed the new state. The historic Christian presence in Anatolia was largely eliminated through massacres, deportations, and ethnic cleansing.