HistoryData
Historical ConflictBeirut

Operation Fluid Drive

Operation Fluid Drive evacuated over 700 American and foreign nationals from Beirut in 1976 amid the Lebanese Civil War.

Duration & Scope

1976 ongoing

< 1 year

Key Facts

First evacuation date
20 June 1976
Second evacuation date
27 July 1976
Americans evacuated (first lift)
110
Third-country nationals (first lift)
157
Persons evacuated (second lift)
300 (including 155 Americans)
Destination port
Piraeus, Greece

Strategic Narrative Overview

The U.S. Navy executed two lift operations off the Lebanese coast. On 20 June 1976, USS Spiegel Grove transported 110 Americans and 157 other foreign nationals to Piraeus, Greece. A second evacuation on 27 July moved approximately 300 additional persons, including 155 Americans, to the same destination. The cruiser USS Little Rock maintained a presence off the Lebanese coast during both lifts to provide support and security.

01 / The Origins

The Lebanese Civil War erupted in 1975 as sectarian tensions between Christian, Muslim, and Palestinian factions escalated into open armed conflict. By mid-1976 Beirut had become a active war zone with widespread fighting threatening foreign residents. The United States determined that American citizens and allied nationals could no longer be safely maintained in the country, prompting a formal non-combatant evacuation operation coordinated through naval assets in the eastern Mediterranean.

03 / The Outcome

Both evacuations were completed without reported combat casualties, successfully removing several hundred civilians from the deteriorating security environment in Beirut. Evacuees were delivered to Piraeus, Greece, from where they could travel onward. The Lebanese Civil War itself continued for years after the operation, with no immediate resolution to the underlying sectarian conflict that had necessitated the evacuation.

Belligerents & Mobilization Analysis

Side A

1 belligerent

United States Navy
Outcome
Successful non-combatant evacuation; over 700 American and foreign nationals transported to Piraeus, Greece.

Location

Map of Beirut, LebanonMap of Beirut, LebanonBeirut, Lebanon