Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance

for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance

for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance

for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation

for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation

for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19

for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19

for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution

for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch

for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch

for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus

for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus

for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus

for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability

for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability

for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability

for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation

for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation

for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm

for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm

for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm

for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy

for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites

for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites

for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria

for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain

for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain

for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain

for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells

for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells

for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells

for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent

for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent

for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity

for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity

for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity

for the development of in vitro fertilization

for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase

for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase

for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase

for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer

for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus

for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus

for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging

for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging

for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death

for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death

for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death

for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle

for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle

for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle

for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system

for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system

for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system

for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell

for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system

for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system

for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system

for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection

for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence

for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence

for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development

for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development

for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development

for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells

for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells

for their discoveries of split genes

for their discoveries of split genes

for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism

for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism

for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells

for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells

for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease

for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease

for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes

for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes

for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity

for their discoveries of growth factors

for their discoveries of growth factors

for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism

for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism

for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies

for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies

for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies

for her discovery of mobile genetic elements

for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances

for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances

for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances

for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres

for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system

for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system

for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions

for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions

for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions

for the development of computer assisted tomography

for the development of computer assisted tomography

for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics

for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics

for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics

for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain

for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain

for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones

for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases

for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases

for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell

for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell

for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell

for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns

for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns

for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns

for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies

for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies

for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones

for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation

for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation

for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation

for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses

for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses

for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses

for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis

for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis

for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis

for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye

for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye

for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye

for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses

for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer

for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis

for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis

for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis

for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism

for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism

for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane

for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane

for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane

for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material

for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material

for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material

for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea

for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance

for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance

for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid

for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid

for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events

for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events

for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria

for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles

for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system

for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system

for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system

for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes

for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue

for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue

for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue

for his discovery of the citric acid cycle

for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism

for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis

for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it

for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects

for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects

for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects

for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs

for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses

for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods

for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen

for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen

for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar

for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation

for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases

for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases

for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases

for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres

for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres

for his discovery of vitamin K

for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K

for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil

for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration

for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid

for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses

for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses

for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development

for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia

for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia

for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia

for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity

for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons

for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons

for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme

for his discovery of human blood groups

for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin

for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins

for his work on typhus

for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica

for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma

for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram

for the discovery of insulin

for the discovery of insulin

for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle

for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle

for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism

for his discoveries relating to immunity

for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus

in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis

in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs

for his work on the dioptrics of the eye

in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances

for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland

in recognition of their work on immunity

in recognition of their work on immunity

in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases

in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system

in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system

for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis

in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged

in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science

for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it

for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths